PythonBeginner · Windows, macOS, or Linux with Python 3.12+

Audit image alt-attribute presence

Distinguish missing, empty, and nonempty image alt attributes.

Before you begin

  • Python 3.12 or newer
What this script changesReads up to 5 MiB of UTF-8 source and creates a new result without overwrite. This lightweight parser does not construct a browser DOM, apply CSS, execute JavaScript, or prove accessibility/SEO compliance. Malformed markup and dynamically generated content need manual review.

Set up your example

  1. Save the complete code as html-image-alt-audit.py in a working folder.
  2. Save the provided sample files in that same folder; run commands from that folder.

Sample files in this download:

  • sample.html
  • style.css

Download the ZIP, extract it, and open a terminal inside the extracted folder. The source file is html-image-alt-audit.py.

Run the script

Run command
python "html-image-alt-audit.py" --input "sample.html" --output "image-alt.json"

If your system uses python3 instead of python, use that command for Python examples. Keep paths containing spaces in quotes. Required inputs and optional settings are described in the code and setup steps.

What to expect

Distinguish missing, empty, and nonempty image alt attributes. logo.png is missing alt and decoration.png has an empty decorative candidate.

The complete script

html-image-alt-audit.py
#!/usr/bin/env python3
'Audit image alt-attribute presence'
import argparse
import json
from pathlib import Path

def write_json(path, value):
    data = json.dumps(value, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False, allow_nan=False) + "\n"
    with Path(path).open("x", encoding="utf-8", newline="") as handle:
        handle.write(data)

from html.parser import HTMLParser
import re
import math
import urllib.parse
from collections import Counter, defaultdict

VOID={"area","base","br","col","embed","hr","img","input","link","meta","param","source","track","wbr"}
class Document(HTMLParser):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__(convert_charrefs=True)
        self.nodes=[{"tag":"#document","attrs":{},"line":1,"parent":None,"content":[]}]
        self.stack=[0]
        self.comments=[]
    def handle_starttag(self,tag,attrs):
        if len(self.nodes)>=50000 or len(self.stack)>=256: raise ValueError("HTML node/depth limit exceeded.")
        index=len(self.nodes)
        self.nodes.append({"tag":tag,"attrs":dict(attrs),"line":self.getpos()[0],"parent":self.stack[-1],"content":[]})
        self.nodes[self.stack[-1]]["content"].append(index)
        if tag not in VOID: self.stack.append(index)
    def handle_startendtag(self,tag,attrs):
        self.handle_starttag(tag,attrs)
        if tag not in VOID: self.stack.pop()
    def handle_endtag(self,tag):
        for pos in range(len(self.stack)-1,0,-1):
            if self.nodes[self.stack[pos]]["tag"]==tag:
                del self.stack[pos:]
                break
    def handle_data(self,data):
        self.nodes[self.stack[-1]]["content"].append(data)
    def handle_comment(self,data):
        self.comments.append({"line":self.getpos()[0],"comment":data})
def read_document(path):
    if Path(path).stat().st_size>5*1024*1024: raise ValueError("HTML input exceeds 5 MiB.")
    doc=Document()
    doc.feed(Path(path).read_text(encoding="utf-8-sig"))
    doc.close()
    return doc
def text(doc,index=0,skip=frozenset({"script","style","template"})):
    node=doc.nodes[index]
    if node["tag"] in skip: return ""
    return " ".join(text(doc,p,skip) if isinstance(p,int) else p for p in node["content"])
def clean(value):
    return " ".join(value.split())
def selected(doc,tags):
    return [(i,n) for i,n in enumerate(doc.nodes) if n["tag"] in tags]
def ancestor(doc,index,tag):
    parent=doc.nodes[index]["parent"]
    while parent is not None:
        if doc.nodes[parent]["tag"]==tag: return parent
        parent=doc.nodes[parent]["parent"]
    return None
def visible_text(doc):
    bodies=selected(doc,{"body"})
    return clean(text(doc,bodies[0][0] if bodies else 0, frozenset({"head","script","style","template"})))
def resources(doc):
    result=[]
    for i,n in enumerate(doc.nodes):
        attrs=n["attrs"]
        if n["tag"] in {"img","script","iframe","audio","video","source","track","embed","input"} and attrs.get("src"):
            result.append({"tag":n["tag"],"attribute":"src","url":attrs["src"],"line":n["line"]})
        if n["tag"]=="link" and "stylesheet" in (attrs.get("rel") or "").lower().split() and attrs.get("href"):
            result.append({"tag":"link","attribute":"href","url":attrs["href"],"line":n["line"]})
        if n["tag"]=="video" and attrs.get("poster"):
            result.append({"tag":"video","attribute":"poster","url":attrs["poster"],"line":n["line"]})
    return result

def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Audit image alt-attribute presence')
    parser.add_argument("--input",required=True,help="Local UTF-8 HTML file")
    parser.add_argument("--output",required=True,help="New result path")
    args = parser.parse_args()
    doc=read_document(args.input)
    write_json(args.output,[{"line":n["line"],"src":n["attrs"].get("src"),"status":"missing" if "alt" not in n["attrs"] else "empty-decorative-candidate" if not (n["attrs"].get("alt") or "").strip() else "present","alt":n["attrs"].get("alt")} for _,n in selected(doc,{"img"})])

if __name__ == "__main__":
    try:
        main()
    except (OSError, ValueError, KeyError, TypeError, ArithmeticError, IndexError, LookupError) as exc:
        raise SystemExit(str(exc))

Open source as plain text · Download source and sample files

How it works

  1. The script parses only a saved local HTML file; scripts, styles, and external resources are never executed or fetched.
  2. Empty alt can be appropriate for decorative images; meaningfulness and contextual quality require human review.
  3. logo.png is missing alt and decoration.png has an empty decorative candidate.

Make it your own

--input

Inspect another saved page with content images.

Adapt the processing

Edit main's record to include the nearest figure caption for review context.

Change one setting at a time, run it again on sample data, and compare the output. The customization guide walks through this process.

If something goes wrong

An empty alt is listed as a candidate.

Empty alt is not automatically an error; decide whether the image is decorative.

The destination already exists.

Choose a new --output path. The script deliberately refuses to replace an existing result.

Reference & next steps

These official references explain the underlying tools. The Scriptage example and guide are original instructional content. See verification notes for what has been checked and the limits of those checks.

Copies a template for your own notes. It does not send anything.